C-MISE
COVID-19 briefing
COVID-19
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdowns of European societies posed unprecedented challenges to European cities in their responses to new and old social needs. The pandemic dramatically overturned the social, economic, policy, migration and welfare landscapes of Europe. On the one hand, it exacerbated sanitary, social and economic vulnerabilities and exposed the risks of having groups of informal residents at the margins of society with limited or no contacts with the authorities. On the other, the new context revamped the policy debate over the opportunity of formally including (certain) irregular migrants into European societies, as a consequence of both public health considerations in relation to access to treatment for communicable diseases, but also reflections on the essential contribution to local economies and societies made by migrants, including those with irregular status, and particularly in the agricultural and care sectors.
Our COVID-19 briefing
This briefing aims to give a snapshot of how the pandemic impacted irregular migrants residing in European cities, analyse the new policy scenarios impacting irregular migrants, and explore local authorities' initiatives and practices addressing the social challenges posed to this group of migrants by the pandemic and related lockdown measures and economic fallouts. As this paper was prepared (August-October 2020) only a few months since COVID-19 hit Europe and the situation is constantly and rapidly evolving, the aim is not to offer an exhaustive analysis, but rather the basis for cities to develop an evolving body of evidence.
For more information, you can download our full briefing here.
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body {
line-height: 1.55;
}
/* Adds lines above and below on grid listing */
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_square,
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_no_image {
border-bottom: solid 1px #B0B0B0;
padding-bottom: 18px;
}
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_square:first-of-type,
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_no_image:first-of-type {
border-top: solid 1px #B0B0B0;
padding-top: 18px;
}
/* Makes the heading styles h1-h5 in WYSIWYG passed accessibility WCAG AA and WCAG AAA standards */
.wrapper-main h2,
.wrapper-main h3,
.wrapper-main h4,
.wrapper-main h5 {
color: #152543;
}
/* Adds more space below body text */
p {
margin: 0 0 20px;
}
/* Adds more space below the content of the tabs widget */
.wrapper-main ul.nav-tabs {
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
/* Makes the pointer look better */
.nav-tabs>li.active>a::after {
content: "\f0d7";
bottom: -32px;
left: 40%;
color: #FF4F00;
font-size: 1.65em;
}
.nav-tabs>li>a:hover::after {
content: "\f0d7";
bottom: -32px;
left: 40%;
color: #FF4F00;
font-size: 1.65em;
}
/* add spacing to accordion */
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default>.panel-heading h3 a {
padding: 10px 50px 8px 20px;
}
/* changes arrow on accordion */
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default .panel-title a::after {
font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free Solid", "Font Awesome 5 Free", "FontAwesome" !important;
font-weight: 900;
}
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default .panel-title a.collapsed::after {
content: "\f107";
}
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default .panel-title a::after {
content: "\f106";
}
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default>.panel-heading h3 a::after {
right: 20px;
}
/* Banner left */
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-landscape_textoverlay_left_bottom .text-box-wrapper .text-box .text-box-row-2 {
width: 100%;
}
/* fix spacing on 75/25 banner */
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper .text-box {
padding: 36px;
}
div.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-grouping-imagetext.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper .text-box {
padding-top: 36px;
}
.text-box-wrapper.generic-text-box.static .text-box .listing-title h3 {
margin-bottom: 30px
}
/* switch 75/25 to 65/35 */
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .teaser-field.image-wrapper {
width: 70%;
}
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper {
width: 30%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper,
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .teaser-field.image-wrapper {
width: 100%;
}
/* fix bug in nav active use the default setting from focus*/
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active>a,
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active-trail>a {
background-color: #fff;
color: #2d2926;
;
}
/* add more space between nav blocks */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li {
margin-right: 20px;
}
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li:last-of-type {
margin-right: 0px;
}
/* remove shadown and rounded corners */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded:hover ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded ul:hover,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a:focus+ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a+ul:focus,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded.menu-open ul {
display: block;
box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(68, 68, 68, 0);
border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;
}
/* fix header layout */
#branding {
padding: 40px 0 20px 0;
}
#search {
margin-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
}
#logos.logo-position-within-header .sitelogo,
.sitelogo {
margin-top: 0px;
}
/* wysiwyg fill button fix */
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill::before {
right: 0.5em;
padding: 0;
}
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill {
padding: 0.5em 1.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
/* fix bug in nav active use the default setting from focus*/
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active>a,
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active-trail>a {
background-color: #fff;
color: #2d2926;
;
}
/* add more space between nav blocks */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li {
margin-right: 20px;
}
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li:last-of-type {
margin-right: 0px;
}
/* remove shadown and rounded corners */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded:hover ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded ul:hover,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a:focus+ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a+ul:focus,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded.menu-open ul {
display: block;
box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(68, 68, 68, 0);
border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;
}
/* fix header layout */
#branding {
padding: 40px 0 20px 0;
}
#search {
margin-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
}
#logos.logo-position-within-header .sitelogo,
.sitelogo {
margin-top: 0px;
}
/* wysiwyg fill button fix */
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill::before {
right: 0.5em;
padding: 0;
}
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill {
padding: 0.5em 1.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
body {
line-height: 1.55;
}
/* Adds lines above and below on grid listing */
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_square,
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_no_image {
border-bottom: solid 1px #B0B0B0;
padding-bottom: 18px;
}
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_square:first-of-type,
.grid-listing .listing-item-wrapper.display-style-list.listing-item-wrapper.item-style-row_without_separator_no_image:first-of-type {
border-top: solid 1px #B0B0B0;
padding-top: 18px;
}
/* Makes the heading styles h1-h5 in WYSIWYG passed accessibility WCAG AA and WCAG AAA standards */
.wrapper-main h2,
.wrapper-main h3,
.wrapper-main h4,
.wrapper-main h5 {
color: #152543;
}
/* Adds more space below body text */
p {
margin: 0 0 20px;
}
/* Adds more space below the content of the tabs widget */
.wrapper-main ul.nav-tabs {
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
/* Makes the pointer look better */
.nav-tabs>li.active>a::after {
content: "\f0d7";
bottom: -32px;
left: 40%;
color: #FF4F00;
font-size: 1.65em;
}
.nav-tabs>li>a:hover::after {
content: "\f0d7";
bottom: -32px;
left: 40%;
color: #FF4F00;
font-size: 1.65em;
}
/* add spacing to accordion */
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default>.panel-heading h3 a {
padding: 10px 50px 8px 20px;
}
/* changes arrow on accordion */
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default .panel-title a::after {
font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free Solid", "Font Awesome 5 Free", "FontAwesome" !important;
font-weight: 900;
}
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default .panel-title a.collapsed::after {
content: "\f107";
}
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default .panel-title a::after {
content: "\f106";
}
.views-bootstrap-accordion-plugin-style .panel-default>.panel-heading h3 a::after {
right: 20px;
}
/* Banner left */
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-landscape_textoverlay_left_bottom .text-box-wrapper .text-box .text-box-row-2 {
width: 100%;
}
/* fix spacing on 75/25 banner */
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper .text-box {
padding: 36px;
}
div.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-grouping-imagetext.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper .text-box {
padding-top: 36px;
}
.text-box-wrapper.generic-text-box.static .text-box .listing-title h3 {
margin-bottom: 30px
}
/* switch 75/25 to 65/35 */
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .teaser-field.image-wrapper {
width: 70%;
}
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper {
width: 30%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .text-box-wrapper,
.listing-item-wrapper article.listing-item.item-style-imagetext_large_image_text_right .teaser-field.image-wrapper {
width: 100%;
}
/* fix bug in nav active use the default setting from focus*/
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active>a,
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active-trail>a {
background-color: #fff;
color: #2d2926;
;
}
/* add more space between nav blocks */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li {
margin-right: 20px;
}
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li:last-of-type {
margin-right: 0px;
}
/* remove shadown and rounded corners */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded:hover ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded ul:hover,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a:focus+ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a+ul:focus,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded.menu-open ul {
display: block;
box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(68, 68, 68, 0);
border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;
}
/* fix header layout */
#branding {
padding: 40px 0 20px 0;
}
#search {
margin-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
}
#logos.logo-position-within-header .sitelogo,
.sitelogo {
margin-top: 0px;
}
/* wysiwyg fill button fix */
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill::before {
right: 0.5em;
padding: 0;
}
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill {
padding: 0.5em 1.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
/* fix bug in nav active use the default setting from focus*/
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active>a,
#wrapper-navigation #navigation nav.navbar-default ul.navbar-nav>.active-trail>a {
background-color: #fff;
color: #2d2926;
;
}
/* add more space between nav blocks */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li {
margin-right: 20px;
}
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li:last-of-type {
margin-right: 0px;
}
/* remove shadown and rounded corners */
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded:hover ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded ul:hover,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a:focus+ul,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded a+ul:focus,
#navigation .navbar-default .navbar-nav li.expanded.menu-open ul {
display: block;
box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(68, 68, 68, 0);
border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;
}
/* fix header layout */
#branding {
padding: 40px 0 20px 0;
}
#search {
margin-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
}
#logos.logo-position-within-header .sitelogo,
.sitelogo {
margin-top: 0px;
}
/* wysiwyg fill button fix */
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill::before {
right: 0.5em;
padding: 0;
}
.wrapper-main .wysiwyg-c2a-fill {
padding: 0.5em 1.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}